Haruka Nishiyama is currently a PhD candidate in the department of English and American Literature, Graduate School of Letters, at Keio University in Japan. Her Masters focused on research in the conversational phenomenon of other-speaker formulation. Since then, her research interests have focused on exploring the meanings that emerge through interaction by diverging from the original speaker’s intentions. She is currently investigating the construction of meaning in social media and exploring the role of contextual, cultural and cognitive factors that influence the identification of meaning.