Placemaking of Korean and Vietnamese ordinary spaces in Honolulu: Examples from the continued settler-colonial project of Hawaiʻi (20305)
Colonial settlement recontextualizes Indigenous place into refractions of past and present historicalized places. Korean and Vietnamese settlers in Honolulu embody this unsettling process (Tuck & Yang, 2012) through their construction of the linguistic landscape in their everyday spaces. This study examines placemaking practices at a Korean restaurant visited by BTS (a famous Korean band), which has become popular among tourists, and a Vietnamese restaurant in Honolulu’s Chinatown which is frequented by local residents–the ordinariness of these contexts allow for the examination of how the day-to-day continued settler-colonial project of the Pacific is enacted. Employing Scollon and Scollon’s (2003) discourse in place, we analyze the semiotic resources used in marking the spaces as Korean or Vietnamese businesses. We scrutinize code preference, code inscription, and emplacement of signs in these two spaces. We also discuss the performative function of Hawaiian language in these spaces and how different languages are mobilized in the process of placemaking. Initial findings reveal that the Korean space was created largely by tourists for tourists exemplifying intersecting scapes (Higgins, 2015), or the convergence of ethno-, techno-, finance, media, and ideo- scapes (Appadurai, 1990). However, in the Vietnamese space, different sets of semiotics are prioritized resulting in the projection of a sense of authenticity harkening back to pre-industrial Vietnam. Additionally, pan-Asian identity construction takes place through the appropriated use of Japanese and Chinese imagery. Thus, we highlight the intricate interplay of semiotic resources (e.g., imagery, music, signs, artifacts, languages) in carving out settler spaces on Indigenous people’s land, altering a once solely Indigenous landscape into a multifaceted and multilingual place. The ordinariness of these constructions underlie the mundane efforts of the settler-colonial project in Hawaiʻi.