Mocknolect: language and identity imitations (19897)
Language is saturated with ideology. Being ideological, language is agentive, an unimpartial material reality whose structure allows consciousness to arise (Valentin Vološinov, 1973). Language constructs reality by re-presenting parts of it. It is open and shared. Within it there are shadows and corners, but they will be revealed: ‘the outside becomes the inside, and ... the inside reveals itself and shapes the outside’ (Bernstein 1987: 563). Speech that is stigmatized (Algerian French, foreigner Japanese) is a form of rejection, territorialized and subject to cultural and political dominance. We place stigmatized speech where it belongs. In a ghetto. Mocknolect is a category of ethnolinguistic imitation. This is different from 'ethnolect' which simply indicates the language variety that marks a speaker as a member of an ethnic group. The most extensive research on so-called mock speech was conducted by the anthropologist Jane Hill on 'mock Spanish' (1993). This presentation foregrounds ‘mocknolect’ as a wider category of sociolinguistic imitation using examples from Japanese mocknolect: a form of Japanese-based language borrowing or speech style that encompasses a variety of popular greetings, farewells (sayonara) and forms of typical address suffixes (-san, -chan) employed by non-speakers of Japanese. Japanese mocknolect is found in video games like Ninja, greeting cards, a sticker in the back window of an old Renault in London: Achtung! Kamikaze School of Driving! A variant of a Japanese mocknolect can be a Japanese native speaker (say from Tokyo) imitating a Japanese regional dialect: i.e. dialectal mocknolect. Japanese mocknolect was prominent in World War II propaganda. An authentic history of Japanese mocknolect includes military talk in the Far East, i.e. Japanesque insertions of words and phrases in the English speech of American army personnel. School playgrounds as well as Hollywood film productive of Japanese mocknolect, nvolving lexico-grammar and pronunciation and non-verbal behaviours.